تكاليف الكفن والدفن والتغسيل
إذا كان الميت فقيراً ، فمن الذي يجب عليه أن يدفع تكاليف تكفينه وتغسيله ودفنه . . . إلخ ؟. الحمد لله
أولاً : إذا كان الميت له مال فنفقات تجهيزه تكون من ماله ، ويكون هذا مقدماً على قضاء ديونه ، وتنفيذ وصيته إن كان أوصى بشيء ، وقبل الميراث ، بدليل قول النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم في الرجل الذي مات بعرفة : ( وَكَفِّنُوهُ فِي ثَوْبَيْهِ ) رواه البخاري (1851) ومسلم (1206) .
" أن الكفن مقدم على الميراث ، وعلى الدَّين ، لأن رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم أمر أن يكفن في ثوبيه ، ولم يسأل عن وارثه ، ولا عن دَيْن عليه ، ولو اختلف الحال لسأل .
وكما أن كسوته في الحياة مقدمة على قضاء دَيْنه ، فكذلك بعد الممات ، هذا كلام الجمهور ، وفيه خلاف شاذ لا يُعَوِّل عليه " انتهى .
وانظر : "المجموع" (5/147) ، "المغني" (3/457) .
وقال الكاساني في "بدائع الصنائع" ( 2/330) : " ويكفن من جميع ماله قبل الدين والوصية والميراث , لأن هذا من أصول حوائج الميت ؛ فصار كنفقته في حال حياته " انتهى .
ثانياً :
وإذا لم يكن للميت مال وجب تكفينه على من تلزمه نفقته ( كأبيه وابنه والزوج ) , فإن لم يكن وجبت من بيت المال , فإن لم يكن وجب ذلك على عامة المسلمين . انظر : " المجموع" (5/148-150) ، "بدائع الصنائع" (2/330) .
قال الشيخ ابن عثيمين في "الشرح الممتع" (5/219) : " وإنما قُدم بيت مال المسلمين على عموم المسلمين ؛ لأنه لا منّة فيه على الميت ؛ بخلاف ما إذا كان من المسلمين ، فإن هذا الذي سوف يعطيه سيكون في قلبه منة عليه " انتهى .
وقال أيضاً : ( 5/217 ) : " ولكن لو فرض أن هناك جهة مسؤولة ملتزمة بذلك ، فلا حرج أن نكفنه منها إلا إذا أوصى الميت بعدم ذلك ، بأن قال : كفنوني من مالي ، فإنه لا يجوز أن نكفنه من الأكفان العامة ، سواء كانت من جهة حكومية ، أو من جهة خاصة " انتهى .
ثالثاً :
ولما كان الزوج يجب عليه النفقة على زوجته حال الحياة كان كفنها واجباً عليه .
وهو قول أبي حنيفة والشافعي ومالك , وقال أحمد : يجب في مالها .
انظر : "المجموع" (5/148-150) , "حاشية ابن عابدين" (3/101) .
قال الشيخ ابن عثيمين في "الشرح الممتع" (5/219) تعليقاً على قول الجمهور :
" وهذا القول أرجح إن كان موسراً " أي : غنياً .
وسئل الشيخ عبد الرحمن السعدي رحمه الله : هل يجب على الزوج كفن الزوجة ؟
فأجاب :
" الصحيح أنه يجب على الزوج كفن امرأته ، موسرة كانت أو معسرة ، وهو من النفقة ، ومن المعاشرة بالمعروف ، ومما يعده الناس منكراً أنه إذا ماتت زوجة الغني المعسرة أنه لا يجب عليه كفنها " انتهى .
"الفتاوى الجامعة للمرأة المسلمة" (2/542) .
وأما الزوجة فلا يلزمها كفن زوجها ، لأنها لا يجب عليها أن تنفق عليه حال الحياة .
قال الكاساني في "بدائع الصنائع" (2/330) : " ولا يجب على الزوجة كفن زوجها بالإجماع , كما لا يجب عليها كسوته في حال الحياة " انتهى .
الإسلام سؤال وجواب
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Funeral expenses – shrouding, burial and washing
If the deceased is poor, who should pay the expenses of shrouding him, washing him and burying him etc?. Praise be to Allaah.
Firstly:
If the deceased has any money then the expenses of preparing him for burial should be paid from his own money. This takes precedence over paying off his debts and executing his will if he left a will, and it comes before the division of the estate. The evidence for that is the words of the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) concerning a man who died in ‘Arafah: “Shroud him in his two garments.” Narrated by al-Bukhaari, 1851; Muslim, 1206.
Ibn al-Qayyim said in Zaad al-Ma’aad, 2/240 concerning the rulings that are derived from this hadeeth:
The shroud takes precedence over the rights of the heirs and payment of debts, because the Messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) ordered that he be buried in his two garments, and he did not ask about his heirs or any debts that he owed. If it had been otherwise he would have asked.
Just as clothing him when he is alive takes precedence over paying off his debts, the same applies after death. This is the view of the majority, and there is a differing opinion to which no attention need be paid. End quote.
See: al-Majmoo’, 5/147; al-Mughni, 3/457
Al-Kasaani said in Badaa’i’ al-Sanaa’i’ (2/330): He should be shrouded from his entire wealth, before paying off debts, executing his will or dividing the estate, because this is one of the basic needs of the deceased. So it is like spending on him when he is alive. End quote.
Secondly:
If the deceased does not have any wealth then shrouding him or her is the duty of the one who is obliged to spend on him or her (such as the father, son or husband). If there is no such person then it must be done by the bayt al-maal. If there is no bayt al-maal then it must be done by the Muslims.
See: al-Majmoo’, 5/148-150; Badaa’i’ al-Sanaa’i’, 2/330
Shaykh Ibn ‘Uthaymeen said in al-Sharh al-Mumti’, 5/219: The bayt al-maal of the Muslims is mentioned before the Muslims in general because the bayt al-maal is for all Muslims, unlike the case if it is done by the Muslims, because the one who donates it will feel that he has done him a favour. End quote.
He also said (5/217): But if we assume that there is an organization that is responsible for that, there is nothing wrong if we shroud him from that, unless he issued instructions to the contrary, such as saying, Shroud me from my own wealth, in which case it is not permissible to shroud him using the public shrouds, whether that is done by a government organization or a private one. End quote.
Thirdly:
Because the husband is obliged to spend on his wife when she is alive, shrouding her is obligatory for him.
This is the view of Abu Haneefah, al-Shaafa’i and Maalik.
Ahmad said: It must be paid for from her wealth.
Ahmad said: It must be paid for from her wealth.
See: al-Majmoo’, 5/148-150; Haashiyat Ibn ‘Aabideen, 3/101
Shaykh Ibn ‘Uthaymeen said in al-Sharh al-Mumti’ (5/219), commenting on the view of the majority: This view is more correct if he is well off.
Shaykh ‘Abd al-Rahmaan al-Sa’di (may Allaah have mercy on him) was asked: Is a husband obliged to shroud his wife? He replied:
The correct view is that the husband is obliged to shroud his wife, whether she was well off or not. This is part of spending and kind treatment, and the people regard it as wrong if it is suggested that if the wife of a man who is rich and well off dies, he does not have to shroud her. End quote.
Al-Faatawa al-Jaami’ah li’l-Mar’ah al-Muslimah, 2/242
But a wife is not obliged to shroud her husband, because she is not obliged to spend on him when he is alive.
Al-Kasaani said in Badaa’i’ al-Sanaa’i’ (2/330): The wife is not obliged to shroud her husband, according to consensus, just as she is not obliged to clothe him when he is alive. End quote.
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