آداب السفر إلى الحج أو غيره

آداب السفر إلى الحج أو غيره
Etiquette of travelling to Hajj and elsewhere

Les règles régissant le voyage pour le pèlerinage ou pour d'autres fins

هل هناك آداب معينة ينبغي مراعاتها على المسافر لاسيما من سافر إلى الحج ؟. 

الحمد لله

آداب المسافر كثيرة جداً ، وقد اعتنى العلماء بجمعها ، وممن جمعها جمعاً حسناً النووي رحمه الله في كتابه " المجموع" (4/264- 287) فقد ذكر اثنين وستين أدباً ، ونذكر بعض هذه الآداب مختصرة ، ومن أراد التوسع فعليه بمراجعة كلام النووي رحمه الله .
قال رحمه الله :
" بَابُ آدَابِ السَّفَرِ .
هَذَا بَابٌ مُهِمٌّ ، تَتَكَرَّرُ الْحَاجَةُ إلَيْهِ ، وَيَتَأَكَّدُ الِاهْتِمَامُ بِهِ .
وَالْمَقْصُودُ هُنَا الإِشَارَةُ إلَى آدَابِهِ مُخْتَصَرَةً :
1- إذَا أَرَادَ سَفَرًا اُسْتُحِبَّ أَنْ يُشَاوِرَ مِنْ يَثِقُ بِدِينِهِ وَخِبْرَتِهِ وَعِلْمِهِ فِي سَفَرِهِ فِي ذَلِكَ الْوَقْتِ وَيَجِبُ عَلَى الْمُسْتَشَارِ النَّصِيحَةُ وَالتَّخَلِّي مِنْ الْهَوَى وَحُظُوظِ النُّفُوسِ , قَالَ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى : ( وَشَاوِرْهُمْ فِي الأَمْر ) وَتَظَاهَرَتْ الأَحَادِيثُ الصَّحِيحَةُ أَنَّ النَّبِيَّ صلى الله عليه وسلم كَانُوا يُشَاوِرُونَهُ فِي أُمُورِهِمْ .
2- إذَا عَزَمَ عَلَى السَّفَرِ فَالسُّنَّةُ أَنْ يَسْتَخِيرَ اللَّهَ تَعَالَى فَيُصَلِّيَ رَكْعَتَيْنِ مِنْ غَيْرِ الْفَرِيضَةِ ثُمَّ يَدْعُو بِدُعَاءِ الاسْتِخَارَةِ .
3- إذَا اسْتَقَرَّ عَزْمُهُ لِسَفَرِ حَجٍّ أَوْ غَزْوٍ أَوْ غَيْرِهِمَا فَيَنْبَغِي أَنْ يَبْدَأَ بِالتَّوْبَةِ مِنْ جَمِيعِ الْمَعَاصِي وَالْمَكْرُوهَاتِ وَيَخْرُجَ عَنْ مَظَالِمِ الْخَلْقِ وَيَقْضِيَ مَا أَمْكَنَهُ مِنْ دُيُونِهِمْ , وَيَرُدَّ الْوَدَائِعَ وَيَسْتَحِلَّ كُلَّ مَنْ بَيْنَهُ وَبَيْنَهُ مُعَامَلَةٌ فِي شَيْءٍ أَوْ مُصَاحَبَةٌ وَيَكْتُبَ وَصِيَّتَهُ وَيُشْهدَ عَلَيْهِ بِهَا وَيُوَكِّلَ مَنْ يَقْضِي مَا لَمْ يَتَمَكَّنْ مِنْ قَضَائِهِ مِنْ دُيُونِهِ وَيَتْرُكَ لأَهْلِهِ وَمَنْ يَلْزَمُهُ نَفَقَتُهُ نَفَقَتَهُمْ إلَى حِينِ رُجُوعِهِ .
4- إرْضَاء وَالِدَيْهِ وَمَنْ يَتَوَجَّهُ عَلَيْهِ بِرُّهُ وَطَاعَتُهُ .
5- إذَا سَافَرَ لِحَجٍّ أَوْ غَزْوٍ أَوْ غَيْرِهِمَا فَيَنْبَغِي أَنْ يَحْرِصَ أَنْ تَكُونَ نَفَقَتُهُ حَلالا خَالِصَةً مِنْ الشُّبْهَةِ , فَإِنْ خَالَفَ وَحَجَّ أَوْ غَزَا بِمَالٍ مَغْصُوبٍ عَصَى وَصَحَّ حَجُّهُ وَغَزْوُهُ فِي الظَّاهِرِ , لَكِنَّهُ لَيْسَ حَجًّا مَبْرُورًا .
6- يُسْتَحَبُّ لِلْمُسَافِرِ فِي حَجٍّ أَوْ غَيْرِهِ مِمَّا يَحْمِلُ فِيهِ الزَّادَ أَنْ يَسْتَكْثِرَ مِنْ الزَّادِ وَالنَّفَقَةِ لِيُوَاسِيَ مِنْهُ الْمُحْتَاجِينَ , وَلْيَكُنْ زَادُهُ طَيِّبًا لقوله تعالى : ( يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا أَنْفِقُوا مِنْ طَيِّبَاتِ مَا كَسَبْتُمْ وَمِمَّا أَخْرَجْنَا لَكُمْ مِنْ الأَرْضِ وَلا تَيَمَّمُوا الْخَبِيثَ مِنْهُ تُنْفِقُونَ )
وَالْمُرَادُ بِالطَّيِّبِ هُنَا : الْجَيِّدُ , وَالْخَبِيثُ : الرَّدِيءُ , وَيَكُونُ طَيِّبَ النَّفْسِ بِمَا يُنْفِقُهُ لِيَكُونَ أَقْرَبَ إلَى قَبُولِهِ .
7- إذَا أَرَادَ سَفَرَ حَجٍّ أَوْ غَزْوٍ لَزِمَهُ تَعَلُّمُ كَيْفِيَّتِهِمَا ; إذْ لا تَصِحُّ الْعِبَادَةُ مِمَّنْ لا يَعْرِفُهَا , وَيُسْتَحَبُّ لِمُرِيدِ الْحَجِّ أَنْ يَسْتَصْحِبَ مَعَهُ كِتَابًا وَاضِحًا فِي الْمَنَاسِكِ جَامِعًا لِمَقَاصِدِهَا وَيُدِيمَ مُطَالَعَتَهُ , وَيُكَرِّرَهَا فِي جَمِيعِ طَرِيقِهِ لِتَصِيرَ مُحَقَّقَةً عِنْدَهُ , وَمَنْ أَخَلَّ بِهَذَا مِنْ الْعَوَامّ يُخَافُ أَنْ لا يَصِحَّ حَجُّهُ لإِخْلَالِهِ بِشَرْطٍ مِنْ شُرُوطِ أَرْكَانِهِ وَنَحْوِ ذَلِكَ , وَرُبَّمَا قَلَّدَ بَعْضُهُمْ بَعْضَ عَوَامِّ مَكَّةَ وَتَوَهَّمَ أَنَّهُمْ يَعْرِفُونَ الْمَنَاسِكَ مُحَقَّقَةً فَاغْتَرَّ بِهِمْ , وَذَلِكَ خَطَأٌ فَاحِشٌ , وَكَذَا الْغَازِي وَغَيْرُهُ يُسْتَحَبُّ أَنْ يَسْتَصْحِبَ مَعَهُ كِتَابًا مُعْتَمَدًا مُشْتَمِلا عَلَى مَا يَحْتَاجُ إلَيْهِ , وَيَعْلَمُ الْغَازِي مَا يَحْتَاجُ مِنْ أُمُورِ الْقِتَالِ وَأَذْكَارِهِ , وَتَحْرِيمِ الْغَدْرِ وَقَتْلِ النِّسَاءِ وَالصِّبْيَانِ وَأَشْبَاهِ ذَلِكَ , وَيَتَعَلَّمُ الْمُسَافِرُ لِتِجَارَةٍ مَا يَحْتَاجُ إلَيْهِ مِنْ الْبُيُوعِ وَمَا يَصِحُّ وَمَا يَبْطُلُ وَمَا يَحِلُّ وَيَحْرُمُ . . . وهكذا .
8- يُسْتَحَبُّ لَهُ أَنْ يَطْلُبَ رَفِيقًا رَاغِبًا فِي الْخَيْرِ كَارِهًا لِلشَّرِّ ، إنْ نَسِيَ ذَكَّرَهُ , وَإِنْ ذَكَرَ أَعَانَهُ , وَإِنْ تَيَسَّرَ لَهُ مَعَ هَذَا كَوْنُهُ عَالِمًا فَلْيَتَمَسَّكْ بِهِ فَإِنَّهُ يَمْنَعُهُ بِعِلْمِهِ وَعَمَلِهِ مِنْ سُوءِ مَا يَطْرَأُ عَلَى الْمُسَافِرِ مِنْ مَسَاوِئِ الأَخْلاقِ وَالضَّجَرِ وَيُعِينُهُ عَلَى مَكَارِمِ الأَخْلاقِ وَيَحُثُّهُ عَلَيْهَا .
ثُمَّ يَنْبَغِي أَنْ يَحْرِصَ عَلَى إرْضَاءِ رَفِيقِهِ فِي جَمِيعِ طَرِيقِهِ , وَيَحْتَمِلَ كُلُّ وَاحِدٍ مِنْهُمَا صَاحِبَهُ وَيَرَى لِصَاحِبِهِ عَلَيْهِ فَضْلا وَحُرْمَةً , وَيَصْبِرَ عَلَى مَا يَقَعُ مِنْهُ فِي بَعْضِ الْأَوْقَاتِ .
9- يُسْتَحَبُّ أَنْ يُوَدِّعَ أَهْلَهُ وَجِيرَانَهُ وَأَصْدِقَاءَهُ وَسَائِرَ أَحْبَابِهِ وَأَنْ يُوَدِّعُوهُ وَيَقُولُ كُلُّ وَاحِدٍ لِصَاحِبِهِ : أَسْتَوْدِعُ اللَّهَ دِينَكَ وَأَمَانَتَكَ وَخَوَاتِيمَ عَمَلِكَ , ويقول المقيم للمسافر : زَوَّدَكَ اللَّهُ التَّقْوَى وَغَفَرَ لَكَ ذَنْبَكَ وَيَسَّرَ الْخَيْرَ لَكَ حَيْثُمَا كُنْتَ .
10- السُّنَّةُ أَنْ يَدْعُوَ إذَا خَرَجَ مِنْ بَيْتِهِ : ( بِاسْمِ اللَّهِ ، تَوَكَّلْتُ عَلَى اللَّهِ ، وَلا حَوْلَ وَلا قُوَّةَ إلا بِاَللَّهِ ، اللَّهُمَّ إنِّي أَعُوذُ بِكَ مِنْ أَنْ أَضِلَّ أَوْ أُضَلَّ ، أَوْ أَزِلَّ أَوْ أُزَلَّ ، أَوْ أَظْلِمَ أَوْ أُظْلَمَ ، أَوْ أَجْهَلَ أَوْ يُجْهَلَ عَلِيَّ ) .
11- السُّنَّةُ : إذَا خَرَجَ مِنْ بَيْتِهِ وَأَرَادَ رُكُوبَ دَابَّتِهِ أَنْ يَقُولَ : بِسْمِ اللَّهِ , فَإِذَا اسْتَوَى عَلَيْهَا قَالَ : الْحَمْدُ لِلَّهِ الَّذِي سَخَّرَ لَنَا هَذَا وَمَا كُنَّا لَهُ مُقْرِنِينَ وَإِنَّا إلَى رَبِّنَا لَمُنْقَلِبُونَ , ثُمَّ يقول : الْحَمْدُ لِلَّهِ ، ثَلاثَ مَرَّاتٍ ، اللَّهُ أَكْبَرُ ، ثَلاثَ مَرَّاتٍ ، سُبْحَانَكَ إنِّي ظَلَمْتُ نَفْسِي فَاغْفِرْ لِي إنَّهُ لا يَغْفِرُ الذُّنُوبَ إلا أَنْتَ .
ويقول : اللَّهُمَّ إنَّا نَسْأَلُكَ فِي سَفَرِنَا هَذَا الْبِرَّ وَالتَّقْوَى وَمِنْ الْعَمَلِ مَا تَرْضَى اللَّهُمَّ هَوِّنْ عَلَيْنَا سَفَرَنَا هَذَا , وَاطْوِ عَنَّا بُعْدَهُ , اللَّهُمَّ أَنْتَ الصَّاحِبُ فِي السَّفَرِ , وَالْخَلِيفَةُ فِي الأَهْلِ , اللَّهُمَّ إنِّي أَعُوذُ بِكَ مِنْ وَعْثَاءِ السَّفَرِ , وَكَآبَةِ الْمَنْظَرِ , وَسُوءِ الْمُنْقَلَبِ فِي الْمَالِ وَالأَهْلِ وَإِذَا رَجَعَ قَالَهُنَّ , وَزَادَ فِيهِنَّ : آيِبُونَ تَائِبُونَ عَابِدُونَ لِرَبِّنَا حَامِدُونَ .
مَعْنَى مُقْرِنِينَ : مُطِيقِينَ , وَالْوَعْثَاءُ - هِيَ الشِّدَّةُ ، وَالْكَآبَةُ : هِيَ تَغَيُّرُ النَّفْسِ مِنْ خَوْفٍ وَنَحْوِهِ ، وَالْمُنْقَلَبُ : الْمَرْجِعُ .
12- يُسْتَحَبُّ أَنْ يُرَافِقَ فِي سَفَرِهِ جَمَاعَةً لِحَدِيثِ ابْنِ عُمَرَ رضي الله عنهما قَالَ : قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم : ( لَوْ أَنَّ النَّاسَ يَعْلَمُونَ مِنْ الْوَحْدَةِ مَا أَعْلَمُ مَا سَارَ رَكْبٌ بِلَيْلٍ وَحْدَهُ ) رَوَاهُ الْبُخَارِيُّ .
13- يُسْتَحَبُّ أَنْ يُؤَمِّرَ الرِّفْقَةُ عَلَى أَنْفُسِهِمْ أَفْضَلَهُمْ وَأَجْوَدَهُمْ رَأْيًا , وَيُطِيعُوهُ لِحَدِيثِ أَبِي سَعِيدٍ وَأَبِي هُرَيْرَةَ قَالَا : قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم : ( إذَا خَرَجَ ثَلاثَةٌ فِي سَفَرٍ فَلْيُؤَمِّرُوا أَحَدَهُمْ ) حَدِيثٌ حَسَنٌ رَوَاهُ أَبُو دَاوُد بِإِسْنَادٍ حَسَنٍ .
14- يُسْتَحَبُّ السُّرَى (السير ليلاً) فِي آخِرِ اللَّيْلِ لِحَدِيثِ أَنَسٍ قَالَ : قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم : ( عَلَيْكُمْ بِالدُّلْجَةِ فَإِنَّ الأَرْضَ تُطْوَى بِاللَّيْلِ ) رَوَاهُ أَبُو دَاوُد بِإِسْنَادٍ حَسَنٍ , وَرَوَاهُ الْحَاكِمُ وَقَالَ : هُوَ صَحِيحٌ عَلَى شَرْطِ الْبُخَارِيِّ وَمُسْلِمٍ , وَقَالَ فِي رِوَايَةٍ : ( ِإنَّ الأَرْضَ تُطْوَى بِاللَّيْلِ لِلْمُسَافِرِ ) .
وَالدُّلْجَة سَيْر آخِر اللَّيْل , وَقِيلَ سَيْر اللَّيْل كُلّه .
15- يَنْبَغِي لَهُ أَنْ يَسْتَعْمِلَ الرِّفْقَ وَحُسْنَ الْخُلُقِ , وَيَتَجَنَّبَ الْمُخَاصَمَةَ وَمُزَاحَمَةَ النَّاسِ فِي الطُّرُقِ , وَأَنْ يَصُونَ لِسَانَهُ مِنْ الشَّتْمِ وَالْغِيبَةِ وَلَعْنَةِ الدَّوَابِّ وَجَمِيعِ الْأَلْفَاظِ الْقَبِيحَةِ .
16- يُسْتَحَبُّ لِلْمُسَافِرِ أَنْ يُكَبِّرَ إذَا صَعِدَ مكانا عالياً من الأرض ، وَيُسَبِّحَ إذَا هَبَطَ الأَوْدِيَةَ وَنَحْوَهَا .
17- يُسْتَحَبُّ إذَا أَشْرَفَ عَلَى قَرْيَةٍ يُرِيدُ دُخُولَهَا أَنْ يَقُولَ : اللَّهُمَّ إنِّي أَسْأَلُكَ خَيْرَهَا وَخَيْرَ أَهْلِهَا وَخَيْرَ مَا فِيهَا , وَأَعُوذُ بِكَ مِنْ شَرِّهَا وَشَرِّ أَهْلِهَا وَشَرِّ مَا فِيهَا .
18- يُسْتَحَبُّ لَهُ أَنْ يَدْعُوَ فِي سَفَرِهِ فِي كَثِيرٍ مِنْ الأَوْقَاتِ ; لأَنَّ دَعْوَتَهُ مُجَابَةٌ .
19- يَنْبَغِي لَهُ الْمُحَافَظَةُ عَلَى الطَّهَارَةِ وَعَلَى الصَّلاةِ فِي أَوْقَاتِهَا , وَقَدْ يَسَّرَ اللَّهُ - تَعَالَى بِمَا جَوَّزَهُ مِنْ التَّيَمُّمِ وَالْجَمْعِ وَالْقَصْرِ .
20- السُّنَّةُ أَنْ يَقُولَ : إذَا نَزَلَ مَنْزِلًا مَا رَوَتْهُ خَوْلَةُ بِنْتُ حَكِيمٍ قَالَتْ : سَمِعْت رَسُولَ اللَّهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم يَقُولُ : ( مَنْ نَزَلَ مَنْزِلا ثُمَّ قَالَ : أَعُوذُ بِكَلِمَاتِ اللَّهِ التَّامَّاتِ مِنْ شَرِّ مَا خَلَقَ لَمْ يُضَرَّ بِشَيْءٍ حَتَّى يَرْتَحِلَ مِنْ مَنْزِلِهِ ذَلِكَ ) رَوَاهُ مُسْلِمٌ .
21- يُسْتَحَبُّ لِلرِّفْقَةِ فِي السَّفَرِ أَنْ يَنْزِلُوا مُجْتَمِعِينَ وَيُكْرَهُ تَفَرُّقُهُمْ لِغَيْرِ حَاجَةٍ لِحَدِيثِ أَبِي ثَعْلَبَةَ الْخُشَنِيِّ رضي الله عنه قَالَ : كَانَ النَّاسُ إذَا نَزَلُوا مَنْزِلا تَفَرَّقُوا فِي الشِّعَابِ وَالأَوْدِيَةِ ، فَقَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم : ( إنَّ تَفَرُّقَكُمْ فِي هَذِهِ الشِّعَابِ وَالأَوْدِيَةِ إنَّمَا ذَلِكُمْ مِنْ الشَّيْطَانِ ، فَلَمْ يَنْزِلُوا بَعْدَ ذَلِكَ مَنْزِلا إلا انْضَمَّ بَعْضُهُمْ إلَى بَعْضٍ ) رَوَاهُ أَبُو دَاوُد بِإِسْنَادٍ حَسَنٍ .
22- السُّنَّةُ لِلْمُسَافِرِ إذَا قَضَى حَاجَتَهُ أَنْ يُعَجِّلَ الرُّجُوعَ إلَى أَهْلِهِ ، لِحَدِيثِ أَبِي هُرَيْرَةَ أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم قَالَ : ( السَّفَرُ قِطْعَةٌ مِنْ الْعَذَابِ ، يَمْنَعُ أَحَدَكُمْ طَعَامَهُ وَشَرَابَهُ ، فَإِذَا قَضَى أَحَدُكُمْ نَهْمَتَهُ مِنْ سَفَرِهِ فَلِيُعَجِّلْ إلَى أَهْلِهِ ) رَوَاهُ الْبُخَارِيُّ وَمُسْلِمٌ . نَهْمَتُهُ : مَقْصُودُهُ .
23- السُّنَّةُ أَنْ يَقُولَ فِي رُجُوعِهِ مِنْ السَّفَرِ مَا ثَبَتَ فِي حَدِيثِ ابْنِ عُمَرَ أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم كَانَ إذَا قَفَلَ مِنْ غَزْوٍ أَوْ حَجٍّ أَوْ عُمْرَةٍ يُكَبِّرُ عَلَى كُلِّ شَرَفٍ مِنْ الأَرْضِ (مكان مرتفع) ثَلاثَ تَكْبِيرَاتٍ , ثُمَّ يَقُولُ : لا إلَهَ إلا اللَّهُ ، وَحْدَهُ لا شَرِيكَ لَهُ , لَهُ الْمُلْكُ وَلَهُ الْحَمْدُ , وَهُوَ عَلَى كُلِّ شَيْءٍ قَدِيرٌ , آيِبُونَ تَائِبُونَ عَابِدُونَ سَاجِدُونَ لِرَبِّنَا حَامِدُونَ صَدَقَ اللَّهُ وَعْدَهُ , وَنَصَرَ عَبْدَهُ وَهَزَمَ الأَحْزَابَ وَحْدَهُ . رَوَاهُ الْبُخَارِيُّ وَمُسْلِمٌ . وَعَنْ أَنَسٍ قَالَ : أَقْبَلْنَا مَعَ النَّبِيِّ صلى الله عليه وسلم حَتَّى إذَا كُنَّا بِظَهْرِ الْمَدِينَةِ قَالَ : ( آيِبُونَ تَائِبُونَ عَابِدُونَ لِرَبِّنَا حَامِدُونَ , فَلَمْ يَزَلْ يَقُولُ ذَلِكَ حَتَّى قَدِمْنَا الْمَدِينَةَ ) رَوَاهُ مُسْلِمٌ .
24- السُّنَّةُ إذَا وَصَلَ مَنْزِلَهُ أَنْ يَبْدَأَ قَبْلَ دُخُولِهِ بِالْمَسْجِدِ الْقَرِيبِ إلَى مَنْزِلِهِ فَيُصَلِّي فِيهِ رَكْعَتَيْنِ بِنِيَّةِ صَلاةِ الْقُدُومِ , لِحَدِيثِ كَعْبِ بْنِ مَالِكٍ أَنَّ النَّبِيَّ صلى الله عليه وسلم كَانَ إذَا قَدِمَ مِنْ سَفَرٍ بَدَأَ بِالْمَسْجِدِ فَرَكَعَ فِيهِ رَكْعَتَيْنِ ثُمَّ جَلَسَ . رَوَاهُ الْبُخَارِيُّ وَمُسْلِمٌ .
25- يُسْتَحَبُّ النَّقِيعَةُ , وَهِيَ طَعَامٌ يُعْمَلُ لِقُدُومِ الْمُسَافِرِ , وَيُطْلَقُ عَلَى مَا يَعْمَلُهُ الْمُسَافِرُ الْقَادِمُ , وَعَلَى مَا يَعْمَلُهُ غَيْرُهُ لَهُ , وَمِمَّا يُسْتَدَلُّ بِهِ لَهَا حَدِيثُ جَابِرٍ صلى الله عليه وسلم أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم لَمَّا قَدِمَ الْمَدِينَةَ مِنْ سَفَرِهِ نَحَرَ جَزُورًا أَوْ بَقَرَةً . رَوَاهُ الْبُخَارِيُّ .
26 - يَحْرُمُ عَلَى الْمَرْأَةِ أَنْ تُسَافِرَ من غير محرم مِنْ غَيْرِ ضَرُورَةٍ ، سَوَاءٌ بَعُدَ أَمْ قَرُبَ , لِحَدِيثِ أَبِي هُرَيْرَةَ رضي الله عنه قَالَ : قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم : ( لا يَحِلُّ لامْرَأَةٍ تُؤْمِنُ بِاَللَّهِ وَالْيَوْمِ الآخِرِ تُسَافِرُ مَسِيرَةَ يَوْمٍ وَلَيْلَةٍ إلا مَعَ ذِي مَحْرَمٍ عَلَيْهَا ) رَوَاهُ الْبُخَارِيُّ وَمُسْلِمٌ " .
انتهى كلام النووي رحمه الله ملخصاً مع تصرف يسير .
وقال الشيخ ابن عثيمين رحمه الله تعالى :
" آداب سفر الحج تنقسم إلى قسمين : آداب واجبة ، وآداب مستحبة . فأما الآداب الواجبة : فهي أن يقوم الإنسان بواجبات الحج وأركانه ، وأن يتجنب محظورات الإحرام الخاصة ، والمحظورات العامة ، الممنوعة في الإحرام وفي غير الإحرام . لقوله تعالى : ( الْحَجُّ أَشْهُرٌ مَعْلُومَاتٌ فَمَنْ فَرَضَ فِيهِنَّ الْحَجَّ فَلا رَفَثَ وَلا فُسُوقَ وَلا جِدَالَ فِي الْحَجِّ ) البقرة/197 .
وأما الآداب المستحبة في سفر الحج : أن يقوم الإنسان بكل ما ينبغي له أن يقوم به ؛ من الكرم بالنفس والمال والجاه ، وخدمة إخوانه وتحمل أذاهم ، والكف عن مساوئهم ، والإحسان إليهم ، سواء كان ذلك بعد تلبسه الإحرام ، أو قبل تلبسه بالإحرام ، لأن هذه الآداب عالية فاضلة ، تطلب من كل مؤمن في كل زمان ومكان ، وكذلك الآداب المستحبة في نفس فعل العبادة ، كأن يأتي الإنسان بالحج على الوجه الأكمل ، فيحرص على تكميله بالآداب القولية والفعلية " انتهى
"فتاوى ابن عثيمين" (21/16) .

الإسلام سؤال وجواب

هنا 

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Etiquette of travelling to Hajj and elsewhere

Is there a particular etiquette that the traveller should pay attention to, especially when travelling to Hajj?.

Praise be to Allaah.

There are many points of etiquette to be followed by the traveller, which the scholars have compiled. One of those who compiled these rulings well was al-Nawawi (may Allaah have mercy on him), in his book al-Majmoo’ (4/264-287), where he mentions sixty-two points of etiquette. We will mention some of them in brief, and anyone who wants to know more may consult the writings of al-Nawawi (may Allaah have mercy on him). 

He said: 

Chapter on the etiquette of travelling: 

This is an important topic, for which there is a great need. 

Our aim here is to refer to this etiquette in brief. 

1 – When a person wants to travel, it is mustahabb for him to consult those whose religious commitment, experience and knowledge he trusts about travelling at that time. The one who is consulted must be sincere in offering advice and avoid being influenced by whims and desires. Allaah says (interpretation of the meaning): 

“and consult them in the affairs”

[Aal ‘Imraan 3:159] 

The saheeh ahaadeeth indicate that the people used to consult the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) with regard to their affairs. 

2 – Once he has decided to travel, the Sunnah is to seek Allaah’s guidance by praying istikhaarah. So he should pray two rak’ahs of non-obligatory prayer, then recite the du’aa’ of istikhaarah. 

3 – If he has decided to travel for Hajj or jihad or any other purpose, he should start by repenting from all sins and makrooh actions, and he should put right any wrongs he has done towards people and pay off whatever he can of the debts he owes them; he should also return anything that has been entrusted to him and seek forgiveness from anyone with whom he has any dealings or friendship. He should write his will and have it witnessed, and he should appoint someone to pay off the debts that he was not able to pay. He should also leave with his family and those on whom he is obliged to spend enough funds to cover their needs until he returns. 

4 – He should seek to please his parents and those whom he is obliged to honour and obey. 

5 – If he is travelling for Hajj or jihad or any other purpose, he should strive to ensure that his funds are halaal and free from any suspicion. If he goes against this and goes for Hajj or jihad with wealth that has been seized by force, he is a sinner and although his Hajj or jihad may be outwardly valid, it will not be a proper Hajj (Hajj mabroor). 

6 – It is mustahabb for the one who is travelling to Hajj or for any other purpose for which provision is carried to take a great deal of provision and money with him, so that he can share them with those who are in need. His provisions should be good (i.e., halaal), because Allaah says (interpretation of the meaning): 

“O you who believe! Spend of the good things which you have (legally) earned, and of that which We have produced from the earth for you, and do not aim at that which is bad to spend from it”

[al-Baqarah 2:267] 

He should give willingly so that it will be more likely to be accepted. 

7 – If he wants to travel for Hajj or jihad, he should learn about how they are to be done, for no act of worship is valid if done by one who does not know it properly. It is mustahabb for the one who wants to do Hajj to take with him a clear book about the rituals which also speaks about their aims, and he should read it constantly and often throughout his journey, so that it will become fixed in his mind. Hence there is the fear that for some of the common folk, their Hajj will not be valid because they fail to fulfil one of the conditions and so on. And some of them may imitate some of the common folk of Makkah, thinking that they know the rituals properly and thus being deceived by them. That is a serious mistake. Similarly in the case of one who is going out for jihad etc, it is recommended for him to take a book which speaks of what he needs to know, and the warrior should learn what he needs to know about fighting and the du’aa’s to be said at that time, and the prohibitions on treachery, killing women and children, and so on. The one who is travelling for the purpose of trade should learn what he needs to know about buying and selling, which transactions are valid and which are invalid, what is halaal and what is haraam, and so on. 

8 – It is mustahabb for him to seek a companion who desires good and hates evil, so that if he forgets, he can remind him, if he remembers, he can help him, and if he happens to be a man of knowledge, he should stick with him, because he will help him to avoid bad attitudes such as boredom with travel and he can help him to maintain a noble attitude and encourage him to do so. 

He should also be keen to please his companion throughout the journey. Each of them should put up with the other and view his companion with respect, and be patient with whatever he may do at some times. 

9 – It is mustahabb for him to bid farewell to his family, neighbours, friends and all his loved ones. He should bid them farewell and he should say to each of them: “I place your religion, your faithfulness and the ends of your deeds in the trust of Allaah.” The one who is staying behind should say to the traveller: “May Allaah bless you with taqwa and forgive you your sins and make goodness easy for you wherever you are.” 

10 – It is Sunnah to say the following du’aa’ when leaving the house: Bismillaah, tawakkaltu ‘ala Allaah, wa laa hawla wa laa quwwata illa Billaah. Allaahumma inni a’oodhu bika min an adilla aw udalla aw azilla aw uzalla aw azlima aw uzlama aw ajhala aw yujhal ‘alayya (In the name of Allaah, I put my trust in Allaah and there is no power and no strength except with Allaah. O Allaah, I seek refuge with You lest I should stray or be led astray, or slip or be tripped, or do wrong or be wronged, or behave foolishly or be treated foolishly).” 

11 – The Sunnah when leaving one's house and wanting to get up on one's mount is to say Bismillah. Then when he has mounted it he should say: “Al-hamdu Lillaah illadhi sakhkhara lana hadha wa ma kunna lahu muqrineen wa inna ila rabbina la munqaliboon (In the name of Allaah… All praise be to Allaah Who has placed this (transport) at our service and we ourselves would not have been capable of that, and to our Lord is our final destiny.” Then he should say Al-hamdu Lillaah (praise be to Allaah) three times and Allaahu akbar (Allaah is most Great) three times, then, “Subhaanaka inni zalamtu nafsi faghfir li innahu la yaghfir ul-dhunooba illa anta (Glory be to You, verily I have wronged myself, so forgive me, for surely no one can forgive sins except You).” 

And: “Allaahumma inna nas’aluka fi safarina haadha al-birra wa’l-taqwa wa min al-‘aml ma tarda, Allaahumma hawwin ‘alayna safarana haadha watwi ‘anna bu’dahu. Allaahumma anta al-saahib fi’l-safar wa’l-khaleefah fi’l-ahl. Allaahumma inni a’oodhu bika min wa’tha’ al-safar wa ka’aabat al-manzar wa su’ al-munqalib fi’l-maali wa’l-ahl (O Allaah, we ask You for righteousness and piety in this journey of ours, and we ask You for deeds which please You. O Allaah, facilitate our journey and let us cover its distance quickly. O Allaah, You are the Companion on the journey and the Successor (the One Who guards them in a person’s absence) over the family. O Allaah, I seek refuge with You from the difficulties of travel, from having a change of heart and from being in a bad predicament, and I seek refuge with You from an ill-fated outcome with regard to wealth and family).” When returning the same words are recited with the following addition: “Aayiboona taa’iboona ‘aabidoona li rabbina haamidoon (Returning, repenting, worshipping and praising our Lord).” 

12 – It is mustahabb to travel with a group of people, because of the hadeeth of ‘Umar (may Allaah be pleased with him) who said: The Messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) said: “If the people knew what I know about being alone, no one would ever travel alone at night.” Narrated by al-Bukhaari. 

13 – It is mustahabb for the group to appoint the best and wisest of their number as their leader, and to obey him, because of the hadeeth of Abu Sa’eed and Abu Hurayrah who said: The Messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) said: “When three people set out on a journey, let them appoint one of their number as their leader.” A hasan hadeeth narrated by Abu Dawood with a hasan isnaad. 

14 – It is mustahabb to set out at the end of the night, because of the hadeeth of Anas who said: The Messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) said: “You should travel at the end of the night (or throughout the night) because it is easier to cover a greater distance at night.” This was narrated by Abu Dawood with a hasan hadeeth. It was also narrated by al-Haakim who said: it is saheeh according to the conditions of al-Bukhaari and Muslim.  

15 – He should adopt a kind and good attitude, and avoid arguing or pushing and shoving people on the road. He should guard his tongue against insults, backbiting, cursing his mount or any other kind of foul speech. 

16 – It is mustahabb for the traveller to say takbeer when going up a rise in the land and to say tasbeeh when going down into valleys and the like. 

17 – If he sees a village or town that he wants to enter, it is mustahabb for him to say: “Allaahumma as’aluka khayraha wa khayra ahliha wa khayra ma fiha wa ‘a’oodhu bika min sharriha wa sharri ahliha wa sharri ma fiha (O Allaah, I ask You for its goodness, the goodness of its people and the goodness of what is in it, and I seek refuge with You from its evil, the evil of its people and the evil of what is in it).” 

18 – It is mustahabb for him to make du’aa’ most of the time when travelling, because his du’aa’ will be answered. 

He should try to remain in a state of purity and to pray on time. Allaah has made it easy by allowing tayammum and joining and shortening of prayers. 

20 – The Sunnah when stopping in a place is to say what was narrated by Khawlah bint Hakeem, who said: I heard the Messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) say: “Whoever makes a stop then says: ‘A’oodhu bi kalimaat Allaah il-taammati min sharri ma khalaq (I seek refuge in the perfect words of Allaah from the evil of that which He has created),’ nothing will harm him until he moves on from that place.” Narrated by Muslim. 

21 – It is mustahabb for a travelling group to camp close to one another and not to be scattered or separated needlessly, because of the hadeeth of Abu Tha’labah al-Khushani (may Allaah be pleased with him) who said: When the people stopped in a place, they would scatter in the mountain passes and valleys. The Messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) said: “Your scattering in these mountain passes and valleys is something from the Shaytaan.” After that, they never stopped in any place without being close together. Narrated by Abu Dawood with a hasan isnaad. 

22 – The Sunnah for the traveller is that when he has done what he set out to do, he should hasten to return to his family, because of the hadeeth of Abu Hurayrah, according to which the Messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) said: “Travel is a kind of torment, which keeps one of you from his food and drink. When one of you has finished what he set out to do, let him hasten back to his family.” Narrated by al-Bukhaari and Muslim. 

23 – The Sunnah is to say when returning from a journey that which is narrated in the hadeeth of Ibn ‘Umar, according to which the Messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him), when he came back from a campaign or from Hajj and ‘Umrah, he would say takbeer on every high ground three times, then he would say, ‘Laa ilaaha ill-Allaah wahdahu laa shareeka lah, lahu’l-mulk wa lahu’l-hamd wa huwa ‘ala kulli shay’in qadeer. Aayiboona taa’iboona ‘aabidoona, saajidoona li rabbina haamidoon. Sadaqa Allaahu wa’dah wa nasara ‘abdah wa hazama al-ahzaaba wahdah

(There is no god but Allaah alone, with no partner or associate. His is the Dominion, to Him be all praise, and He is Able to do all things. Returning, repenting, worshipping, prostrating to our Lord and praising Him. Allaah fulfilled His promise, granted victory to His slave and defeated the confederates Alone). Narrated by al-Bukhaari and Muslim. 

It was narrated that Anas said: We came back with the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him), and when we reached the outskirts of Madeenah he said: “Aayiboona taa’iboona ‘aabidoona li rabbina haamidoon (Returning, repenting, worshipping and praising our Lord).” And he kept saying that until we came to Madeenah. Narrated by Muslim. 

24 – The Sunnah when returning home is to start by going to the mosque that is nearest one's home and praying two rak’ahs with the intention of offering salaat al-qudoom (the prayer of arrival), because of the hadeeth of Ka’b ibn Maalik, according to which the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him), when he came back from a journey, would start by going to the mosque where he would pray two rak’ahs and then sit down. Narrated by al-Bukhaari and Muslim. 

25 – It is mustahabb to make food for the returning traveller, whether it is made by the traveller himself or by someone else for him, as indicated by the hadeeth of Jaabir (may Allaah be pleased with him), according to which the Messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him), when he came back to Madeenah from a journey, would slaughter a camel or a cow. Narrated by al-Bukhaari. 

26 – It is haraam for a woman to travel without a mahram unnecessarily, whether that is a long or a short distance, because of the hadeeth of Abu Hurayrah (may Allaah be pleased with him) who said: The Messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) said: “It is not permissible for a woman who believes in Allaah and the Last Day to travel for the distance of one day and one night except with a mahram.” Narrated by al-Bukhaari and Muslim. 

End quote from al-Nawawi. 

Shaykh Ibn ‘Uthaymeen (may Allaah have mercy on him) said: 

The etiquette of travelling for Hajj is divided into two categories: obligatory and mustahabb. The obligatory etiquette means that the traveller should fulfil all the obligations and pillars (essential parts) of Hajj, and avoid the things that are forbidden in ihraam in particular, and the things that are forbidden in general, whether they are forbidden in ihraam or when not in ihraam, because Allaah says (interpretation of the meaning): 

“The Hajj (pilgrimage) is (in) the well-known (lunar year) months (i.e. the 10th month, the 11th month and the first ten days of the 12th month of the Islamic calendar, i.e. two months and ten days). So whosoever intends to perform Hajj therein (by assuming Ihraam), then he should not have sexual relations (with his wife), nor commit sin, nor dispute unjustly during the Hajj”

[al-Baqarah 2:197] 

The mustahabb etiquette when travelling for Hajj is for a person to do all the things that he should do, such as being generous to people, serving his brothers, putting up with their annoyance, not retaliating to mistreatment, and being kind to them, whether that is after he puts on the ihraam or before, because this etiquette is sublime and good, and is required of every believer at all times and in all places. There are also other points of etiquette that has to do with the act of worship, such as doing Hajj in the most perfect manner and striving to do it with the proper etiquette in both word and deed. End quote. 

Fataawa Ibn ‘Uthaymeen, 21/16.

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Les règles régissant le voyage pour le pèlerinage ou pour d'autres fins