حكم الأكل أثناء الأذان لصلاة الفجر في رمضان
ما حكم تناول الطعام أثناء أذان الفجر ؟ لقوله عليه الصلاة
والسلام : ( إذا أقيمت الصلاة والإناء في يد أحدكم فلا يدعه حتى يقضي حاجته ) .
الحمد لله
أولاً : الحديث الذي ذكره السائل لم يرو بهذا اللفظ ، ولفظه : عَنْ أَبِي هُرَيْرَةَ رضي الله عنه قَالَ : قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ : ( إِذَا سَمِعَ أَحَدُكُمْ النِّدَاءَ وَالإِنَاءُ عَلَى يَدِهِ فَلا يَضَعْهُ حَتَّى يَقْضِيَ حَاجَتَهُ مِنْهُ ) رواه أحمد (10251) وأبو داود (2350) وصححه الألباني في صحيح أبي داود . وسيأتي معناه عند العلماء .
ثانياً :
يلزم الصائم الإمساك عن المفطرات من طلوع الفجر الصادق ، إلى غروب الشمس . فالعبرة بطلوع الفجر ، لا بالأذان . قال الله تعالى : ( وَكُلُوا وَاشْرَبُوا حَتَّى يَتَبَيَّنَ لَكُمُ الْخَيْطُ الأَبْيَضُ مِنَ الْخَيْطِ الأَسْوَدِ مِنَ الْفَجْرِ ) البقرة/187 . فمن تيقن طلوع الفجر الصادق لزمه الإمساك ، وإن كان في فمه طعام لزمه أن يلفظه ، فإن لم يفعل فسد صومه .
وأما من لم يتيقن طلوع الفجر ، فله أن يأكل حتى يتيقن . وكذا لو علم أن المؤذن يؤذن قبل الوقت ، أو شك أنه يؤذن في الوقت أو قبله ، فله أن يأكل حتى يتيقن ، والأولى له أن يُمسك بمجرد سماع الأذان .
وأما الحديث المذكور ، فحمله العلماء على أن المؤذن كان يؤذن قبل طلوع الفجر .
قال النووي رحمه الله في المجموع (6/333) :
" ذكرنا أن من طلع الفجر وفي فيه (فمه) طعام فليلفظه ويتم صومه , فإن ابتلعه بعد علمه بالفجر بطل صومه , وهذا لا خلاف فيه , ودليله حديث ابن عمر وعائشة رضي الله عنهم أن رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم قال : ( إِنَّ بِلالا يُؤَذِّنُ بِلَيْلٍ ، فَكُلُوا وَاشْرَبُوا حَتَّى يُؤَذِّنَ ابْنُ أُمِّ مَكْتُومٍ ) رواه البخاري ومسلم , وفي الصحيح أحاديث بمعناه .
وأما حديث أبي هريرة رضي الله عنه عن النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم أنه قال : ( إِذَا سَمِعَ أَحَدُكُمْ النِّدَاءَ وَالإِنَاءُ عَلَى يَدِهِ فَلا يَضَعْهُ حَتَّى يَقْضِيَ حَاجَتَهُ مِنْهُ ) وفي رواية : ( وكان المؤذن يؤذن إذا بزغ الفجر ) فروى الحاكم أبو عبد الله الرواية الأولى , وقال : هذا صحيح على شرط مسلم , ورواهما البيهقي ، ثم قال : وهذا إن صح محمول عند عوام أهل العلم على أنه صلى الله عليه وسلم علم أنه ينادي قبل طلوع الفجر بحيث يقع شربه قبيل طلوع الفجر . قال : وقوله : ( إذا بزغ ) يحتمل أن يكون من كلام من دون أبي هريرة ، أو يكون خبراً عن الأذان الثاني , ويكون قول النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم : ( إِذَا سَمِعَ أَحَدُكُمْ النِّدَاءَ وَالإِنَاءُ عَلَى يَدِهِ ) خبراً عن النداء الأول ، ليكون موافقا لحديث ابن عمر وعائشة رضي الله عنهم . قال : وعلى هذا تتفق الأخبار . وبالله التوفيق , والله أعلم " انتهى .
وذكر ابن القيم رحمه الله في تهذيب السنن أن بعض السلف أخذ بظاهر الحديث الوارد في السؤال ، وأجازوا الأكل والشرب بعد سماع أذان الفجر ، ثم قال :
" وَذَهَبَ الْجُمْهُور إِلَى اِمْتِنَاع السُّحُور بِطُلُوعِ الْفَجْر , وَهُوَ قَوْل الأَئِمَّة الأَرْبَعَة , وَعَامَّة فُقَهَاء الأَمْصَار , وَرَوَى مَعْنَاهُ عَنْ عُمَر وَابْن عَبَّاس . وَاحْتَجَّ الأَوَّلُونَ بِقَوْلِ النَّبِيّ صَلَّى اللَّه عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ : ( فَكُلُوا وَاشْرَبُوا حَتَّى يُؤَذِّن اِبْن أُمّ مَكْتُوم , وَلَمْ يَكُنْ يُؤَذِّن إِلا بَعْد طُلُوع الْفَجْر ) كَذَا فِي الْبُخَارِيِّ , وَفِي بَعْض الرِّوَايَات : ( وَكَانَ رَجُلا أَعْمَى لا يُؤَذِّن حَتَّى يُقَال لَهُ : أَصْبَحْت أَصْبَحْت ) . . . وَاحْتَجَّ الْجُمْهُور بِقَوْلِهِ تَعَالَى ( وَكُلُوا وَاشْرَبُوا حَتَّى يَتَبَيَّن لَكُمْ الْخَيْط الأَبْيَض مِنْ الْخَيْط الأَسْوَد مِنْ الْفَجْر ) , وَبِقَوْلِ النَّبِيّ صَلَّى اللَّه عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ : ( كُلُوا وَاشْرَبُوا حَتَّى يُؤَذِّن اِبْن أُمّ مَكْتُوم ) , وَبِقَوْلِهِ : ( الْفَجْر فَجْرَانِ , فَأَمَّا الأَوَّل فَإِنَّهُ لا يُحَرِّم الطَّعَام ، وَلا يُحِلّ الصَّلاة , وَأَمَّا الثَّانِي فَإِنَّهُ يُحَرِّم الطَّعَام ، وَيُحِلّ الصَّلاة ) رَوَاهُ الْبَيْهَقِيّ فِي سُنَنه " انتهى
وقد وردت آثار عن بعض السلف ، تدل على إباحة الأكل للصائم ، حتى يتيقن طلوع الفجر ، وأورد ابن حزم رحمه الله منها جملة كثيرة ، ومنها : ( أن عمر بن الخطاب كان يقول : إذا شك الرجلان في الفجر فليأكلا حتى يستيقنا ... عن ابن عباس قال : أحل الله الشراب ما شككت ; يعني في الفجر . . .
وعن مكحول قال : رأيت ابن عمر أخذ دلوا من زمزم وقال لرجلين : أطلع الفجر ؟ قال أحدهما : قد طلع , وقال الآخر : لا ; فشرب ابن عمر)
وقال ابن حزم معلقا على الحديث المسئول عنه وجملة من الآثار المشابهة : " هذا كله على أنه لم يكن يتبين لهم الفجر بعد ; فبهذا تتفق السنن مع القرآن " انتهى من المحلى (4/367) .
ولاشك أن أكثر المؤذنين اليوم يعتمدون على الساعات والتقاويم ، لا على رؤية الفجر ، وهذا لا يعتبر يقينا في أن الفجر قد طلع ، فمن أكل حينئذ ، فصومه صحيح ، لأنه لم يتيقن طلوع الفجر ، والأولى والأحوط أن يمسك عن الأكل .
وقد سئل الشيخ عبد العزيز بن باز رحمه الله ما نصه : ما الحكم الشرعي في صيام من سمع أذان الفجر واستمر في الأكل والشرب ؟
فأجاب : " الواجب على المؤمن أن يمسك عن المفطرات من الأكل والشرب وغيرهما إذا تبين له طلوع الفجر ، وكان الصوم فريضة كرمضان وكصوم النذر والكفارات ؛ لقول الله عز وجل : ( وَكُلُوا وَاشْرَبُوا حَتَّى يَتَبَيَّنَ لَكُمُ الْخَيْطُ الأَبْيَضُ مِنَ الْخَيْطِ الأَسْوَدِ مِنَ الْفَجْرِ ثُمَّ أَتِمُّوا الصِّيَامَ إِلَى اللَّيْلِ ) البقرة/187 . فإذا سمع الأذان وعلم أنه يؤذن على الفجر وجب عليه الإمساك . فإن كان المؤذن يؤذن قبل طلوع الفجر ، لم يجب عليه الإمساك ، وجاز له الأكل والشرب حتى يتبين له الفجر .
فإن كان لا يعلم حال المؤذن هل أذن قبل الفجر أو بعد الفجر ، فإن الأولى والأحوط له أن يمسك إذا سمع الأذان ، ولا يضره لو شرب أو أكل شيئا حين الأذان لأنه لم يعلم بطلوع الفجر .
ومعلوم أن من كان داخل المدن التي فيها الأنوار الكهربائية لا يستطيع أن يعلم طلوع الفجر بعينه وقت طلوع الفجر ، ولكن عليه أن يحتاط بالعمل بالأذان والتقويمات التي تحدد طلوع الفجر بالساعة والدقيقة ، عملا بقول النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم : ( دَعْ مَا يَرِيبُكَ إِلَى مَا لا يَرِيبُكَ ) وقوله صلى الله عليه وسلم : ( مَنْ اتَّقَى الشُّبُهَاتِ اسْتَبْرَأَ لِدِينِهِ وَعِرْضِهِ ) والله ولي التوفيق " انتهى نقلا عن "فتاوى رمضان" جمع أشرف عبد المقصود (ص 201) .
وسئل الشيخ ابن عثيمين رحمه الله ما نصه : ( قلتم حفظكم الله إنه يجب الإمساك بمجرد سماع المؤذن ويحدث ومن عدة سنوات أنهم لا يمسكون عن الطعام حتى نهاية الأذان ، فما حكم عملهم هذا ؟
فأجاب فضيلته بقوله : الأذان لصلاة الفجر إما أن يكون بعد طلوع الفجر أو قبله ، فإن كان بعد طلوع الفجر فإنه يجب على الإنسان أن يمسك بمجرد سماع النداء ، لأن النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم يقول : ( إنَّ بِلالا كَانَ يُؤَذِّنُ بِلَيْلٍ ، فَكُلُوا وَاشْرَبُوا حَتَّى يُؤَذِّنَ ابْنُ أُمِّ مَكْتُومٍ ، فَإِنَّهُ لا يُؤَذِّنُ حَتَّى يَطْلُعَ الْفَجْرُ ) . فإذا كنت تعلم أن هذا المؤذن لا يؤذن إلا إذا طلع الفجر فأمسك بمجرد أذانه ، أما إذا كان المؤذن يؤذن بناء على ما يعرف من التوقيت ، أو بناء على ساعته فإن الأمر في هذا أهون .
وبناء على هذا نقول لهذا السائل : إن ما مضى لا يلزمكم قضاؤه ، لأنكم لم تتيقنوا أنكم أكلتم بعد طلوع الفجر ، لكن في المستقبل ينبغي للإنسان أن يحتاط لنفسه ، فإذا سمع المؤذن فليمسك ) انتهى نقلا عن "فتاوى رمضان" (ص 204) .
وقال الشيخ رحمه الله منبها على ما يقال عن التقويم وعدم دقته : ( لأن بعض الناس الآن يشككون في التقويم الموجود بين أيدي الناس ، يقولون : إنه متقدم على طلوع الفجر ، وقد خرجنا إلى البر وليس حولنا أنوار ، ورأينا الفجر يتأخر ، حتى بالغ بعضهم وقال : يتأخر ثلث ساعة .
لكن الظاهر أن هذا مبالغة لا تصح ، والذي نراه أن التقويم الذي بين أيدي الناس الآن فيه تقديم خمس دقائق في الفجر خاصة ، يعني لو أكلت وهو يؤذن على التقويم فلا حرج ، إلا إذا كان المؤذن يحتاط ويتأخر ، فبعض المؤذنين جزاهم الله خيرا يحتاطون ولا يؤذنون إلا بعد خمس دقائق من التوقيت الموجود الآن ، وبعض جهال المؤذنين يتقدمون في أذان الفجر ، زعما منهم أن هذا أحوط للصوم ، لكنهم ينسون أنهم يهملون ما هو أشد من الصوم وهو صلاة الفجر ، ربما يصلي أحد قبل الوقت بناء على أذانهم ، والإنسان إذا صلى قبل الوقت ولو بتكبيرة الإحرام ، ما صحت صلاته ...) من مجموع فتاوى الشيخ ابن عثيمين رحمه الله (ج 19 سؤال رقم 772) .
والله أعلم .
الإسلام سؤال وجواب
Is it essential to stop eating and drinking as soon as one hears the adhaan for Fajr?
What is the ruling on eating or drinking during the adhaan for Fajr? Because the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) said: “If the iqaamah for prayer is given and the vessel is in the hand of any one of you, let him not put it down until he has finished with it.”.
Praise be to Allaah.
Firstly:
The hadeeth mentioned in the question was not narrated in that wording. The wording of the hadeeth is:
It was narrated that Abu Hurayrah (may Allaah be pleased with him) said: The Messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) said: “If one of you hears the call (to prayer) and the vessel is still in his hand, let him not put it down until he finished with it.”
Narrated by Ahmad, 10251; Abu Dawood. 2350; classed as saheeh by al-Albaani in Saheeh Abi Dawood. We will discuss its meaning according to the scholars below.
Secondly:
It is obligatory for the fasting person to refrain from things which break the fast from the true dawn until the sun sets. What is means is when dawn breaks, not the adhaan. Allaah says (interpretation of the meaning):
“and eat and drink until the white thread (light) of dawn appears to you distinct from the black thread (darkness of night)”
[al-Baqarah 2:187]
So when a person becomes certain that the true dawn has come, he has to stop eating and drinking, and if there is food in his mouth he has to spit it out; if he does not do that, then he has invalidated his fast. But if a person is not certain that dawn has come, he may eat until he is certain. The same applies if he knows that the muezzin gives the call before the time comes, or if he is not sure whether he gives the call on time or ahead of time: he may eat until he is certain. But it is better for him to stop eating as soon as he hears the adhaan.
With regard to the hadeeth mentioned above, the scholars interpreted it as referring to a muezzin who gives the call to prayer before dawn breaks.
Al-Nawawi (may Allaah have mercy on him) said in al-Majmoo’ 6/333:
We have stated that if dawn breaks and a person has food in his mouth, he should spit it out and complete his fast. If he swallows it after knowing that dawn has come, his fast is invalidated. There is no difference of scholarly opinion on this point. The evidence for that is the hadeeth of Ibn ‘Umar and ‘Aa’ishah (may Allaah be pleased with them both), according to which that Messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) said: “Bilaal gives the call to prayer at night, so eat and drink until Ibn Umm Maktoom gives the call to prayer.” Narrated by al-Bukhaari and Muslim. There are many ahaadeeth in al-Saheeh with similar meanings.
With regard to the hadeeth of Abu Hurayrah (may Allaah be pleased with him), according which the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) said: “If one of you hears the call (to prayer) and the vessel is still in his hand, let him not put it down until he has finished with it” – and according to another version he said: the muezzin used to give the call to prayer when dawn broke – al-Haakim Abu ‘Abd-Allaah narrated the first version, and said: This is saheeh according to the conditions of Muslim. Both were narrated by al-Bayhaqi, who said: If this is saheeh, it is understood by the majority of scholars as meaning that the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) knew that he used to give the call to prayer before dawn came, thus the eating and drinking referred to were taking place just before dawn came.
The phrase “when dawn broke” is understood to be the words of someone other than Abu Hurayrah, or it may be describing the second adhaan, in which case the words of the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) – “If one of you hears the call (to prayer) and the vessel is still in his hand” – refer to the first call to prayer, so that it is in accordance with the hadeeth of Ibn ‘Umar and ‘Aa’ishah (may Allaah be pleased with them). He said: Thus the reports are in agreement. And Allaah is the Source of strength, and Allaah knows best.
End quote.
Ibn al-Qayyim (may Allaah have mercy on him) stated in Tahdheeb al-Sunan that some of the salaf followed the apparent meaning of the hadeeth mentioned in the question, and they regarded it as permissible to eat and drink after hearing the adhaan of Fajr. Then he said:
But the majority are of the view that sahoor should stop when dawn breaks. This is the view of the four imams, and the majority of fuqaha’ of the regions, and was also narrated from ‘Umar and Ibn ‘Abbaas. The former quoted as evidence the words of the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him), “… so eat and drink until Ibn Umm Maktoom gives the call to prayer, for he does not give the call until dawn breaks.” It is narrated thus in al-Bukhaari; in some versions it says: “… and he was a blind man who did not give the call to prayer until it was said to him: Dawn has come, dawn has come.” And the majority quoted as evidence the words of Allaah: “and eat and drink until the white thread (light) of dawn appears to you distinct from the black thread (darkness of night)” [al-Baqarah 2:187], and the words of the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him), “Eat and drink until Ibn Umm Maktoom gives the call to prayer,” and his words, “There are two dawns. The first one does not make it haraam to eat or make it permissible to pray, but the second makes it haraam to eat and permissible to pray.” Narrated by al-Bayhaqi in his Sunan.
Reports were narrated from some of the Salaf which indicate that it is permissible for a fasting person to eat until dawn breaks. Ibn Hazm (may Allaah have mercy on him) narrated a large number of such reports, including the report that ‘Umar ibn al-Khattaab used to say: “If two men are uncertain about dawn let them eat until they are certain.”
It was narrated that Ibn ‘Abbaas said: “Allaah has permitted drinking so long as you are uncertain, i.e., about the dawn.”
It was narrated that Makhool said: I saw Ibn ‘Umar take a bucket of Zamzam water and say to two men, “Has dawn come?” One of them said: “It has come,” and the other said, “No (it hasn’t),” so Ibn ‘Umar drank (the water).
Ibn Hazm said, commenting on the hadeeth asked about here and a number of similar reports: All of this refers to cases when they are not yet certain that dawn has come. Thus the Sunnahs are in accordance with the Qur’aan.
End quote from al-Muhalla, 4/367.
Undoubtedly most of the muezzins nowadays rely on clocks and timetables, not on sighting the dawn. This cannot be regarded as certainty that dawn has come. Whoever eats in this case, his fast is valid, because he was not certain that dawn had come, but it is better and safer to stop eating.
Shaykh ‘Abd al-‘Azeez ibn Baaz (may Allaah have mercy on him) was asked: What is the ruling on the fast of one who hears the adhaan of Fajr but continues eating and drinking?
He replied:
What the believer must do is to abstain from things that break the fast, eating and drinking etc., when it becomes clear to him that dawn has broken, if the fast is an obligatory one such as in Ramadaan and fasts in fulfillment of vows or as an act of expiation, because Allaah says (interpretation of the meaning):
“and eat and drink until the white thread (light) of dawn appears to you distinct from the black thread (darkness of night)”
[al-Baqarah 2:187]
If he hears the adhaan and knows that this is the call for Fajr prayer, he must stop eating. If the muezzin gives the call to prayer before dawn breaks, then he does not have to stop eating, and it is permissible for him to eat and drink until it is clear to him that dawn has come.
If he does not know whether the muezzin gives the call to prayer before or after dawn, then it is better and safer for him to stop eating when he hears the adhaan, but it does not matter if he drinks or eats something during the adhaan because he does not know whether dawn has broken.
It is well known that those who live in cities where there are electrical lights cannot know whether dawn has come at the time when it breaks, but they can follow the adhaan and timetables which give the time of dawn, hour and minute, in accordance with the words of the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him): “Leave that which makes you doubt for that which does not make you doubt.” And he (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) said: “Whoever avoids doubtful matters will have protected his religious commitment and honour.” And Allaah is the Source of strength.
End quote, from Fataawa Ramadaan, compiled by Ashraf ‘Abd al-Maqsood, p. 201
Shaykh Ibn ‘Uthaymeen (may Allaah have mercy on him) was asked: You said that we must stop eating when we hear the adhaan, but a few years ago they did not stop eating until the end of the adhaan. What is the ruling on that action of theirs?
He replied:
The adhaan for Fajr prayer may be given either after dawn breaks or before. If it is given after dawn breaks, then one must stop eating as soon as he hears the call, because the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) said: “Bilaal gives the call to prayer at night, so eat and drink until Ibn Umm Maktoom gives the call to prayer, for he does not give the call until dawn has broken.” If you know that this muezzin does not give the call to prayer until dawn has broken, then stop as soon as you hear him. But if the muezzin gives the call based on a timetable he follows, or based on his watch, then the matter is less serious.
Based on this, we say to this questioner: You do not have to make up what is past, because you were not certain whether you ate after dawn had broken. But in the future you should be careful; when you hear the muezzin, stop eating.
End quote from Fataawa Ramadaan, p. 204
And the Shaykh said, pointing out what is said about timetables being inaccurate:
Because some people nowadays are uncertain about the timetables that people have, and they say that they give the time of dawn too early, we went out into the desert with no lights around us, and we saw that the dawn came later, and some people exaggerated and suggested that the dawn comes twenty minutes later.
But it seems that this exaggeration is not correct. What we think is that the timetables that people have nowadays give the time of dawn in particular as five minutes early, so if you eat whilst the muezzin is giving the adhaan according to the timetable, it doesn’t matter. Some muezzins, may Allaah reward them with good, give the adhaan five minutes later than the time given in the timetables as they exist at present, as a precaution, but some ignorant muezzins give the adhaan for Fajr early, claiming that this is on the safe side with regard to the fast, but they forget that they are being careless with regard to something that is more important than the fast, namely Fajr prayer. So people may end up praying ahead of time based on their adhaan. If a person offers a prayer ahead of its time, even if he says the opening takbeer, his prayer is not valid…
From Majmoo’ Fataawa al-Shaykh Ibn ‘Uthaymeen (may Allaah have mercy on him), vol 19, question no. 772
And Allaah knows best.
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